International Conference “Environmental Engineering”
April 23-24, 2026 The conference will be held in English.
Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Mapping urban air pollution in data-scarce areas using GIS and satellite data
Assessing air quality in urban areas is often challenging, especially in areas where ground-based monitoring networks are scarce or even absent. Due to local policies or limited resources, many areas in Italy lack continuous environmental monitoring over time and space. To overcome this problem, in this study, we offer a practical GIS-based workflow to help make initial air pollution assessments when data is limited. Using the Sorrento Peninsula in Italy as case study, we implement the workflow, using a mix of satellite data and site-specific geolocalized data, to map out where key pollutants like nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are found across the area. The method brings together data on NO2 in the lower atmosphere from the Sentinel-5P TROPOMI sensor and PM2.5 estimates that come from measuring aerosol optical depth (AOD). We process all this information using QGIS and overlay it with other useful maps, like roads and ferry routes from OpenStreetMap, port locations, land use, and urbanization. By layering these details, we can spot pollution hotspots and better understand how city life and seasonal tourism (strong in the study area), like heavy road traffic or busy ports, influence air quality. The results show that GIS satellite mapping provides a continuous spatial approximation of air quality, effectively identifying key areas in locations with limited or no in-situ monitoring. This workflow is replicable and can sustain environmental agencies and urban planners with a cost-effective tool for early hotspot detection and urban exposure assessment to inhance policy support and monitoring strategies in Data-sparse environments.
Environmental Protection and Water Engineering
Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental and functional role of recycled crumb rubber in hot-applied joint sealants based on rheological and microstructural evaluation
Hot-applied joint sealants are widely used to seal cracks and expansion joints in road and bridge pavements. Recycled Crumb Rubber (CRM) derived from end-of-life tires is frequently incorporated to enhance flexibility and deformation resistance while supporting circular economy strategies through waste valorization. However, conventional specification tests (e.g., EN 14188-1) may not fully reflect the influence of rubber dispersion and microstructure on long-term performance. This study evaluates the functional and environmental relevance of CRM in seven commercially available hot-applied joint sealants obtained from five European manufacturers. The materials, including five rubber modified sealants and two comparative sealants, were characterized using fluorescence microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to assess phase morphology and rubber distribution. Rheological performance was investigated using dynamic shear rheometry, including Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) at 60 °C and Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear (LAS) at 10 °C. The results demonstrate that sealants compliant with the same specification types (N1/N2) may exhibit markedly different microstructures and viscoelastic responses. Variations in crumb rubber content and filler fraction significantly affected resistance to permanent deformation at high temperature and fatigue performance at low temperature. Materials with a more homogeneous rubber dispersion generally showed improved rheological performance. From an environmental perspective, the effective use of CRM not only diverts waste tires from landfill, but may also improve sealant durability, potentially reducing maintenance frequency and material consumption over the service life of infrastructure systems.
rheological and microstructural properties
Determination of public transport organization indicators and assessment of their importance
Public transport plays a vital role in urban mobility, ensuring accessibility, sustainability and the economic development of cities and regions. To achieve these goals, it is important to systematically monitor and evaluate performance, ideally using real-time, daily data. Performance indicators are quantitative and qualitative measures used to assess different aspects of a public transport system, including reliability, safety, environmental impact, fleet management and operational efficiency (for example, in the selection process of operators). However, not all of these indicators are equally important and must be assessed comprehensively. Determining the relative importance of each indicator helps organizations to focus on the aspects that best meet their policy objectives and customer expectations. This paper synthesizes current research to outline key service indicators and explores the disparities in public transport delivery across diverse urban landscapes.
AI-enhanced data workflows for road infrastructure BIM: a Python–VPL framework enabling 4D–7D integration
The transition of road projects from a purely geometric, two-dimensional or three-dimensional configuration to one rich in information for sustainability-oriented management requires a multi-dimensional approach, i.e., exploiting the full potential of Building Information Modelling methodology. This work proposes an AI-backed BIM workflow which, by adopting the solutions offered by an AI agent, integrates Python scripts to automate analyses and calculations related to time-, cost-, and sustainability-related assessments. The methodology was validated on a case study of a suburban infrastructure, involving a road intersection and a hydraulic underpass. The IT tools used are those specified in the tender documentation, in particular Autodesk Civil 3D, Revit, and Navisworks software. In this environment, Dynamo was used to insert Python scripts into an environment that supports visual programming language. The result is models exported in open IFC 4.3 format. The approach adopted suggests that AI can be successfully exploited to increase automation levels in BIM processes. This leads to a reduction in human error, shorter timescales, and therefore lower costs, thanks to the acceleration of iterative processes and the reduction of repetitive tasks. Its application to computations and analyses supporting cost calculation, scheduling construction and work phases, and calculation of carbon footprint as an index of sustainability opens up to increasingly relevant uses in terms of environmental sustainability and project quality. The results suggest that the integration of AI, visual and textual programming methods, and established BIM-Authoring software can lead to innovative sustainability techniques and digital twin approaches in infrastructure management.
Biodegradable pH-responsive colourimetric indicators for smart packaging application
Increasing interest in more sustainable and intelligent smart packaging has promoted the use of organic dyes as simple freshness indicators. In this research, two ideas were applied: first, the use of plant-based, sensitive pigments for spoilage detection, and second, comparing biodegradable indicators with synthetic ones for packaging purposes. At the same time, the transition to biodegradable insulation and packaging materials is becoming increasingly important, especially for the food sectors that rely on temperature-controlled transport. Conventional synthetic pH indicators as phenolphthalein and bromothymol, are difficult to recycle and cause long-term environmental waste, while novel biobased materials manufactured from plant fibers can provide similar thermal insulation with substantially lower environmental effect. Red cabbage anthocyanins and turmeric curcumin natural indicators were extracted and applied onto filter-paper absorbents, which then described the substance’s acidity, neutrality, and basicity (or alkalinity). The absorbents showed clear, easily observable color transitions – anthocyanin changed from red to green-blue, while curcumin changed from yellow to a darker reddish- brown under alkaline conditions. These quick laboratory tests confirm that such natural indicators can function as cost-effective visual sensors for freshness monitoring. The findings demonstrate distinct differences across the indicators: curcumin responds weakly in basic conditions, bromothymol blue shows limited color changes around neutral to slightly alkaline pH (7–8), and phenolphthalein only reacts in extremely alkaline conditions (pH 9–10). When these biodegradable materials are combined with printed indicators using screen printing, extrusion, or additive manufacturing, the packaging can actively signal early spoilage or temperature-related changes.
Effect of perforation hole shape and angle on sound absorption in perforated plastic panels
This study investigates the influence of hole shape on the sound absorption performance of perforated plastic panels. Circular, square, diamond, and teardrop curve shapes were selected for this study. A series of experimental measurements were conducted using the standard impedance tube transfer function method. The acoustic behaviour of each configuration was analysed in the 50–5000 Hz frequency range. The results indicate that the shape of the perforation holes significantly affects the absorption characteristics, particularly in the high-frequency range. Panels with optimised geometries demonstrated enhanced sound absorption, suggesting that the shape of the perforation hole can improve the acoustic efficiency of lightweight plastic materials. The thickness of all panels and the hole size were kept constant to 20,0 and 3,0 mm, respectively. For all perforation hole shapes, results showed that the sound absorption peak was achieved at 4000 Hz. The highest peak sound absorption was 0.85 when measured on a panel with holes of the shape of square. The aim of this study was to find the correlation between sound absorption and the shape of the perforation hole.
Sustainable acoustic materials from plant-based and aquatic biomass: a review
This literature review focuses on the potential of land and aquatic plants to improve acoustic comfort in indoor environments as a substitute for synthetic materials. Plant-based acoustic materials could be used to improve acoustic parameters for environments like offices and educational buildings, where acoustic comfort is crucial for concentration, productivity, and overall well-being. High reverberation time in these settings can cause stress, reduce cognitive performance, and increase general discomfort. Terrestrial and aquatic plant-based have drawn a lot of interest as materials that are sustainable solution to this problem. This review examines the potential of both land-grown plant fibres (e.g., kapok, hemp, flax) and aquatic biomass (reeds, cattails, algae) for sound absorption applications. Compared to terrestrial plant fibres, aquatic biomass has the advantage of reducing eutrophication ecological risk in water bodies. Various properties that affect the sound-absorbing capabilities of the materials are discussed. Overall, using plant-based and aquatic biomass fibres for sustainable acoustic materials provides environmental benefits, but highlights the need for design strategies to maximize their application in buildings.
Circular economy analysis in 3 districts of Lima, Peru
The proposed research is based on investigating the circularity of three districts in the city of Lima, the capital of Peru, located in different areas of the city: East Lima, South Lima, and North Lima. The variables to be analyzed within circular economy strategies are solid waste management, recycling, innovation, sustainability indicators, sustainable construction, and environmental education. The results obtained can be used in future studies as well as in management plans for these districts and other areas of the city.
Review of mycelium composites and the influence of their microtexture on mechanical properties
This review article aims to evaluate the application potential of mycelium-based biocomposites and to determine how their microtexture influences key mechanical properties. The objective of the study is to synthesize current scientific knowledge on the relationship between fungal growth characteristics and the resulting material performance. The analysis draws on recent research examining how fungal species, substrate composition, and growth conditions shape microstructural features such as hyphal density, pore distribution, and bonding patterns. These microtexture parameters directly affect compressive strength, elasticity, porosity, and the thermal and acoustic behavior of mycelium composites. The reviewed literature highlights the growing use of mycelium-based materials in construction, packaging, textiles, design, and biomedical applications, emphasizing microtexture as a critical determinant of functionality. The findings indicate that enhanced mycelial growth and optimized microstructural organization can significantly improve mechanical performance, making microtexture control essential for the development of durable and sustainable biocomposites.
Do meteorological and road conditions influence animal-vehicle collisions?
Significant uncertainty remains regarding the relationship between meteorological conditions and Animal-Vehicle Collisions (AVCs). This study aimed to evaluate the influence of meteorological and related road conditions on AVC occurrence in Lithuania. Meteorological data and collision records from 56 automatic weather stations were linked with 1,632 AVCs reported between 2018 and 2022. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that meteorological variables form two statistically significant groups with contrasting associations with AVC occurrence. The first group – characterized by higher air and road surface temperatures, greater visibility, and a higher road adhesion coefficient – was positively associated with AVC occurrence. In contrast, the second group, defined by snow and ice cover, rain intensity, and the presence of water on the road surface, showed a negative association with AVC occurrence. These findings suggest that AVC risk increases under favourable driving conditions, likely due to changes in driver behaviour, whereas adverse weather conditions may reduce collision risk as drivers tend to exercise greater caution. Overall, the results provide new insights into the role of meteorological and road conditions in AVC dynamics and highlight the importance of considering human behavioural responses when developing AVC mitigation strategies.
Analysis of road safety audits conducted in 2024–2025
The road safety policy of Lithuania and the European Union is based on a shift from a reactive approach, when decisions are made based on the analysis of historical traffic accidents, to a proactive application of the principles of a safe system. This direction was strengthened by the 2019 update of Directive 2008/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, which expanded the scope of application of mandatory road infrastructure safety management procedures, covering not only the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) roads, but also motorways and other major roads. The provisions of the directive have been transposed into Lithuanian legislation, and the amendments to the road safety audit procedure that entered into force in 2022 have established additional requirements for auditors and expanded the scope of the audit to all state and local roads and streets intended for public traffic. The study analyses 47 road safety audits carried out by the VILNIUS TECH Road Research Institute in 2024–2025. 519 road infrastructure safety problems were identified, with an average of 11.04 problems per audit. Most audits (87%) were carried out at the project preparation stage, and 13% – before the road was put into operation. According to the degree of importance, 45% of the problems were classified as medium, 24% – high, 31% – low. The most frequently identified problems were related to road signs and vertical markings (9.09%). When assessing the safety of vulnerable road users, a significant part was accounted for by pedestrian infrastructure problems: inappropriate tactile indicator schemes (5.41%), absence of tactile indicators (4.42%) and inconsistencies in the geometry of pedestrian crossings (3.44%). The results confirm the need to strengthen the control of design solutions and ensure consistent application of regulatory requirements in road infrastructure projects.
UAV-based rock mass characterization for geological strength index (GSI) assessment and comparison with conventional field mapping
Rock mass characterization is essential for reliable Geological Strength Index (GSI) estimation, particularly in inaccessible or steep slopes where conventional field mapping is challenging. This study evaluates the feasibility of utilizing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based photogrammetry for GSI assessment using the Cai et al. (2004) chart in a granitic outcrop in Machang, Kelantan, Malaysia. Quantitative parameters, including block volume (Vb) and joint roughness, were derived from 3D point clouds, while joint condition factors (Jc) were assessed through both manual and UAV approaches. Results show strong correlation between UAV and manual assessments (R² = 0.9894 for GSI). The findings demonstrate that UAV-based methods can reliably replace conventional field mapping, improving safety, efficiency, and data density for GSI assessment of Cai et al. (2004).
Geospatial Technologies and Innovations in Geodesy, Remote Sensing, and Environmental Monitoring
A novel thermal criterion for bubble destruction in hydrodynamic cavitation: numerical modeling and experimental validation
This research investigates the conditions precipitating the surface instability of spherical bubbles and develops a novel thermal criterion for their terminal collapse during hydrodynamic cavitation. A new mathematical model of vapour bubble dynamics was formulated and implemented in numerical simulations, accounting for heat and mass transfer processes at the bubble interface under various flow conditions. The central hypothesis of the model posits that bubble collapse is triggered when the surface temperature exceeds a critical threshold. Theoretical findings were validated through comparison with experimental data acquired via Venturi tube measurements.
Spatiotemporal variation of soil heavy metal contamination in urban intersection areas and the vicinity of a former military missile base in Raseiniai district, Lithuania
The accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in urban and protected area soils results from multiple anthropogenic emission sources, including vehicular traffic and historical land use. This study aimed at evaluating the levels and risk of HMs contamination in soils around Raseiniai District area, Lithuania. A total of 14 soil composite samples from urban and protected sites were collected at each site in the spring of 2011 and 2018. All investigated sites can be considered potential sources of hazardous pollution, including urban road intersections and the former Bedančiai military missile base, which now belongs to Dubysa regional park. Total concentrations of HMs (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn) were determined using an atomic flame absorption spectrophotometer. The assessment of HMs contamination in soils and potential ecological threat posed by each HM were conducted following the determination of their concentration levels and multiple contamination and environmental risk indices. Potential ecological risk index (PERI) values ranged from 15.2 to 55.4 in 2011 and from 8.6 to 19.8 in 2018 compared all tested sites, indicating a low ecological risk. Cd and Pb were the dominant contributors as to the total PERI, expressed as Er, in both urban (53.9–69.9% and 22.3–13.2%, respectively) and protected areas (56.0–53.7% and 21.2–19.3%) throughout the entire monitoring period.
Adhesion between different asphalt binders and aggregate types evaluated using boiling water stripping test in scope of WMA foaming technique
This study examines adhesion mechanisms in binder–aggregate systems designed to simulate warm-mix asphalt incorporating water-foamed bitumen. The experimental program involved limestone, gabbro, melaphyre and quartzite aggregates, along with four paving-grade asphalt binders (50/70 and 45/80-55) originating from two different refineries. Adhesion performance was assessed using the boiling water stripping test, with residual binder coverage quantified through digital image analysis. In addition, dynamic viscosity measurements of the asphalt binders at relevant temperatures were conducted, and the petrographic analysis of the composition of aggregates was conducted. The samples produced with conventional (liquid) binders were mixed at temperatures representative of hot-mix asphalt production while reduced temperatures typical of warm-mix asphalt technology (20 °C lower) were used with the foamed asphalt binders. With the limestone and gabbro aggregates most of the experiments yielded over 90% residual binder coverage after the boiling test. The melaphyre and quartzite aggregates revealed on the other hand significant differences between the performance of the binders in terms of their type, origin and their form. The foamed binders with lowered mixing temperatures produced on average approx. 5% point lower residual binder coverage in melaphyre and quartzite while in limestone and gabbro the average difference was only 1% point. The source refinery of the asphalt binder significantly affected adhesion outcomes; however, the supplementary rheological and chemical analyses did not fully account for the observed discrepancies. Overall, the findings suggest that the foaming process itself may enhance the water resistance of asphalt binder-aggregate systems.
The effect of fiber reinforcement on the high-temperature performance of warm mix asphalt produced using water-foaming technology
The paper presents an evaluation of the influence of fiber type and content on the properties of mineral-asphalt mixtures produced using foamed bitumen technology. The effects of selected factors, including the type of asphalt binder, the type of fibers, and their content, on the high-temperature performance of AC 11 asphalt concrete mixtures intended for wearing courses were analyzed. Aramid fibers and polymer-basalt fibers, applied in varying amounts, were used as dispersed reinforcement. The study also included a reference mixture produced and compacted using conventional Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) technology. In contrast, Warm-Mix Asphalt (WMA) mixtures with foamed bitumen were manufactured at a temperature reduced by 30 °C compared to the reference mixture. The evaluated basic properties of the asphalt mixtures included air void content and moisture sensitivity, determined using the indirect tensile strength ratio after one freeze-thaw cycle. High-temperature performance was assessed based on resistance to rutting, expressed by the wheel tracking slope and proportional rut depth, as well as the stiffness modulus determined by the static creep test. The obtained results indicate that reducing the production temperature of asphalt concrete mixtures by 30 °C is feasible through the application of dispersed fiber reinforcement while maintaining performance parameters comparable to those of the reference HMA mixture.
Thermal performance and heat flux dynamics of electrically heated windows: a foundation for energy-efficient active glazing systems
The building sector remains a primary contributor to global energy consumption, with windows often iden-tified as the least efficient component of the building envelope. This study investigates the thermal performance of an“active” smart window system featuring an integrated electrical heating element within the glazing cavity. Experimental trials were conducted in a specialised dual-zone climatic chamber to evaluate the heat flux dynamics and surface temperature distributions of a heated triple-glazed unit (TGU) compared to a standard reference unit. High-precision thin-film heat flux sensors and calibrated thermocouples were utilised to quantify thermal transfer across an external temperature range of −25 °C to +5 °C. The results demonstrate that precise modulation of the heating power enables the achievement of a “near-zero thermal balance,” effectively transforming the window from a thermal bridge into a thermally neutral element. While active heating elevates the external glass surface temperature, leading to increased external heat dissipation, it simultaneously mitigates the “cold pane” effect and enhances indoor radiant comfort. The findings suggest that the positive thermal effect on the indoor environment can outweigh external losses, particularly when managed as a demand-responsive system. The study concludes that integrating active glazing with renewable energy technologies, such as semi-transparent photovoltaics, offers a viable pathway toward achieving Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) standards by providing a self-powering, high-performance architectural solution.
The impact of road salting on the roadside soil condition with different levels of maintenance
Salts used to reduce road icing alter the chemical composition of soil and induce ion imbalance, potentially leading to geochemical anomalies in roadside soils. This environmental problem is relevant in Lithuania due to the large amounts of technical salt spread on roads annually. This study investigates the relationship between road maintenance intensity (K3, K4, K5, and K5ž) and heavy metal concentrations in roadside soils. The research was conducted in the Biržai district, selecting nearby roads to ensure relative homogeneity of natural conditions and reduce potential distortions from external factors. The results show that higher concentrations of certain heavy metals are associated with more intensively maintained roads compared to background levels. These findings suggest that intensive use of road de-icing salts can significantly affect roadside soil quality and highlight the need for more environmentally friendly maintenance practices.
Heat balance analysis for an electric car
The paper focuses on the analysis and simulation of thermal management systems in electric vehicles. In the computational section, heat exchange in the passenger cabin and the electric drive system was modeled using advanced engineering software Siemens Amesim. These models were employed to simulate the cabin’s heat balance and to calculate heat losses in the drive system in order to determine the thermal load on the cooling and air conditioning systems. Based on the results, the impact of operating conditions on heat exchange with the environment was analyzed, and directions for further development of cooling systems in electric vehicles were proposed. A well-described Tesla Model SR 2021 RWD electric vehicle was analyzed. Calculations were performed for three variants, one with a stationary vehicle, the second with a variable ambient temperature, and the third with a variable vehicle speed. The calculations revealed a significant impact of ambient temperature on heat flows penetrating the car’s structure, and in the case of increasing car speed, a significant demand for battery and engine cooling.
Methods of determining the O-D matrix in the absence of data surveys
Public transport is like a living organism that is constantly changing along with the city and the needs of its residents. Based on the changes in the city, its infrastructure or the habits of its residents, the public transport system must also change. One of the main tools for understanding the public transport in urban areas is passenger origindestination (OD) matrices. OD matrices are compiled based on mass population surveys, during which the city is divided into zones, and the collected data is used to create travel patterns. Such studies implementation is expensive and repeated infrequently – usually every few or even ten years. Currently, on-board computers collect a significant amount of data about daily citizens’ trips, but the main problem is that this data is not enough to create an O-D matrix, because only boarding data is recorded. The second largest city in Lithuania was chosen for the study due to the abundance of data collected. The aim of this study is to develop a methodology based only on boarding data, allowing to reflect the passenger origin-destination matrix. Two methods were later tested during the study: the first, matching sequential entries based on that the same anonymised card identifier, and the second, the time that the passenger gets off at the stop where they get back on. The results of these methods are analyzed and evaluated at the stop and zone level.
Thermal performance of a silica gel-water vapor adsorption system as an alternative cooling technology
Adsorption-based cooling is an alternative to conventional vapor-compression systems that have a high environmental impact and account for a significant share of global energy consumption. This study presents an experimental and analytical investigation of a two-bed adsorption cooling system operating with a water/silica-gel working pair. The device consists of a refrigerant circuit (water vapor) and a secondary water circuit that provides supplies or removes heat from the beds when necessary. The refrigerant circuit includes two adsorption beds, a condenser, an expansion valve, and an evaporator. The system operates in alternating half-cycles, with one bed undergoing desorption while the other performs adsorption. Measurements of temperature, pressure, and volumetric flow rates were conducted over nearly three half-cycles. Theoretical cooling capacity was calculated at 6.652 kJ, which corresponds to the EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio) equal to 0.0405. To overcome issues associated with limited thermal contact between the surface of the heat exchanger and the adsorbent particles as well as low thermal conductivity of silica gel, it should be applied directly onto the heat exchanger’s surface in the form of coatings instead of the traditional loose packing of adsorbent granules. Additionally, enhancing the system’s performance can be achieved by implementing heat and mass recovery. These findings provide insights into the design of adsorption-based refrigeration, emphasizing environmentally friendly and efficient alternatives to conventional vapor-compression systems.
Analysis of the operation of a cold thermal energy storage system cooperating with an air conditioning system under temperate climate conditions
Increased share of renewable energy sources and the dynamic nature of cooling demand in air-conditioning systems have intensified the need for effective thermal energy storage solutions, particularly under temperate climate conditions, where cooling loads vary significantly between day and night. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the integration of a cold thermal energy storage unit based on sorption technology with an air-conditioning system can improve system operation under variable cooling demand and fluctuating electricity availability. It was hypothesized that sorption-based cold storage can reduce peak electricity demand and enhance the flexibility of air-conditioning systems supplied with renewable energy. The study was conducted using a numerical and operational analysis of an air-conditioning system coupled with a sorption-based cold storage unit. System performance was evaluated under representative temperate climate conditions, considering variable cooling loads, intermittent renewable electricity generation, and time-dependent electricity prices. Key performance indicators included cooling energy cov-erage, storage utilization, and electricity consumption profiles. The results indicate that the application of cold thermal energy storage enables a significant shift in cooling production from daytime peak periods to nighttime or periods of high renewable energy availability. The sorption storage system demonstrated high volumetric energy density, allowing effective cold storage with reduced spatial requirements, and contributed to a measurable reduction in peak electrical power demand. The findings suggest that sorption-based cold thermal energy storage represents a rational and effective solution for improving the operational flexibility and energy efficiency of air-conditioning systems in temperate climates, particularly when integrated with variable renewable energy sources.
Fusion energy for a sustainable future: a review of capabilities and barriers
Fusion energy has come back into the spotlight, as the demand for electricity is increasing with urbanization, electrification, and new high-energy-intensive industries, but also because fossil fuels are depleted, energy systems also need reliable low-carbon energy. This article considers fusion power as a potentially reliable low-carbon option, using the latest scientific literature and publicly available results from supporting installations, International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), and other international fusion research programs. The study first identifies a high level of aggregation of fusion energy, then summarizes the stated advantages for sustainability and the main obstacles that make it difficult to implement. The analysis shows that the system-wide prospectivity of fusion power is associated with a reliable low-carbon supply, but its near-future commercialization is largely limited by engineering sustainability, resource sustainability, thermal management, and initial cost uncertainty. In conclusion, the article separates the test stages from the requirements of the power plant and concludes that if integrated demonstrations do not quickly eliminate the lack of engineering and costs, fusion power will have more long-term benefits than solutions in the near future.
Technological approaches to the reuse of demolition waste in road construction and their environmental benefits
The study examines reviews modern technological approaches to the reuse of construction and demolition waste in road construction, specifically the application to produce asphalt and concrete materials. It analyzes methods of mechanical and chemical processing, recycling technologies, and their integration into the structural layers of pavement. Particular attention is paid to the environmental benefits of such solutions: waste reduction, decreased consumption of natural resources, and lower emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants. The research highlights practical aspects of using reclaimed materials and assesses their technical performance in comparison with virgin materials. The findings confirm the effectiveness of implementing waste reuse technologies for the sustainable development of transport infrastructure.
Post-reclamation changes in radiation dose equivalent rate and leachate properties: a case study of the Lviv municipal landfill
Reclamation of municipal solid waste landfills is a critical environmental measure aimed at reducing radiological and hydrochemical risks associated with long-term waste disposal. This study evaluates post-reclamation changes in radiation dose equivalent rates and the physicochemical characteristics of raw landfill leachate at the Lviv Municipal Landfill (Ukraine), one of the most environmentally hazardous waste disposal sites in the region. Ambient equivalent dose rates were measured in 2025 at the landfill summit and along the main cardinal directions and compared with pre-reclamation data from 2012. The results indicate a substantial decrease in equivalent dose rate following reclamation measures, with current values ranging from 0.089 to 0.101 µSv/h, remaining well below the regulatory limit of 0.3 µSv/h and significantly lower than pre-reclamation levels of 0.41–0.42 µSv/h. At the same time, pronounced spatial heterogeneity of radiation levels persists, with the highest values recorded in the western sector of the landfill. In parallel, the chemical composition of raw landfill leachate collected from a dedicated leachate accumulation pond was analyzed. This pond receives leachate generated by drainage from the waste body and serves as temporary storage prior to treatment by an on-site reverse osmosis system implemented as part of the landfill reclamation project. The leachate is characterized by extremely high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen (3844 mg/l), chemical oxygen demand (8960 mg O₂/l), chlorides (4000 mg/l), phosphates (88 mg/l), and total dissolved solids (14,625 mg/l), indicating severe organic and mineral contamination typical of mature landfill leachate. The results demonstrate that, despite the effectiveness of reclamation measures in mitigating radiological hazards, the generation of highly concentrated raw leachate remains a significant environmental challenge. The chemical composition of the leachate clearly confirms the necessity of its advanced treatment, which provides a scientific justification for the implementation of a reverse osmosis-based leachate treatment system at the landfill. The findings emphasize the importance of continuous monitoring of both radiation dose equivalent rate and leachate quality to ensure long-term environmental safety during and after landfill reclamation.
Unconventional resources in the context of climate change: opportunities for the development of the hemp market in Lithuania
This article analyses the possibilities for developing non-traditional resources in Lithuania in the context of climate change, with a particular focus on bioeconomic resources such as hemp and their application in industry. Hemp, as an ecological raw material, remains a subject of scientific research that has not yet received sufficient attention, both in terms of assessing its impact on the environment during cultivation and exploring its potential for use in various industrial sectors. As one of the largest sources of pollution, industry can harness the potential of hemp, especially fibre hemp, to reduce the environmental impact of production and promote the creation of environmentally friendly products. An analysis of the processes currently underway in the European Union and Lithuania has identified several key areas: legal regulation, innovation and research, market demand, and service development. Lithuania has developed a comprehensive legal framework that facilitates the cultivation and use of hemp, but research institutions are still not sufficiently exploring the potential uses of fibre hemp in industry. Other industries, such as construction, food, and cosmetics, are already successfully using hemp products in their operations. The greatest potential is expected in segments where hemp products replace materials with a high carbon footprint, but development is limited by a lack of processing capacity, standardisation and regulatory clarity. The growing demand for organic products in Europe opens new opportunities for traditional Lithuanian hemp products. Cooperation with research institutions and innovation development can help farmers and manufacturers better understand the benefits of hemp cultivation and processing. In addition, services related to hemp processing could be developed. The article provides recommendations on how to integrate fibre hemp more effectively into industrial development.
Spatial quantification and economic valuation of recreational ecosystem services in Iran’s Zagros Mountains: A sub-watershed analysis using the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) framework
Recreational Ecosystem Services (RES) deliver critical non-material benefits, yet their spatially explicit valuation remains underexplored in the data-limited, mountainous landscapes of the Middle East. This study addresses this gap by presenting the first sub-watershed-level quantification and economic valuation of RES across the 20 hydrological sub-units of Chaharmahal-Bakhtiari Province, Iran a core part of the biodiverse central Zagros Mountains. We operationalize the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) framework by integrating biophysical supply indicators (naturalness, protected area status, and hydrological attraction) with accessibility metrics (distance to settlements and roads) to derive a continuous Recreational Supply Index (RSI). Economic valuation was conducted via benefit transfer, using an inflation-adjusted (2011→2024, CPI-based) willingness-to-pay value from Zagros forests). The total annual RES value for the province is estimated at IRR 113.86 trillion (≈ USD 268 million at the 2024 official market exchange rate of IRR 425,000/USD), with a mean per-hectare value of IRR 69.39 million. Hotspots (sub-watersheds 5, 6, and 20) coincide with intact Quercus brantii forests and moderate-to-high remoteness, whereas eastern sub-watersheds show degraded recreational capacity due to agricultural expansion and urban encroachment. Our findings demonstrate that conserving Zagros woodlands concurrently sustains biodiversity, hydrological function, and cultural services providing a robust, transferable methodology for ecosystem accounting and spatial planning in socio-ecologically comparable regions.
Planning priorities for Rail Baltica regional stations: a comparative analysis of passenger and expert perspectives on comfort and amenities
Rail Baltica is a key sustainable transport project in the Baltic region. Its success depends on how effectively regional stations function and how well they are integrated into their surroundings. This study analyzes planning priorities for Rail Baltica regional stations based on survey results from both passengers and experts. Researchers sought to identify essential features of regional stations through two separate surveys. The surveys covered four interrelated groups of station elements: core station building features, access and parking infrastructure, additional comfort elements, and digital and service-related solutions. The passenger survey indicated that comfort, accessibility, public transport integration, and safety are essential criteria. Passengers emphasized the need for public transport stops located close to stations, security measures, and easy-to-use payment options. In contrast, experts focused on long-term sustainability, opportunities for area development, different transport options, and reducing environmental impact. This included safe pedestrian crossings and digital information systems. The analysis highlighted both shared and differing priorities between passengers and experts, revealing potential planning conflicts and areas where compromise may be necessary. For instance, both groups agreed that public transport integration is a top priority. However, they differed in their views on digital solutions and certain infrastructure features, such as pedestrian overpasses and mobile applications. Importantly, the study does not treat lower-ranked items as unimportant. Instead, it proposes a priority framework to guide the phased development of regional stations, largely determined by plot size and the spatial arrangement of objects within the site. This strategy allows essential passenger-focused solutions to be implemented first, while other important features can be added over time as resources become available. The findings can inform the planning of Rail Baltica regional stations. The goal is to help balance user needs with the principles of sustainable and flexible infrastructure development.
Life cycle evaluation of material transportation impacts in asphalt mixture production
This study evaluates the effect of raw material transportation distance and mode – particularly of aggregates – on the Global Warming Potential (GWP) and related environmental indicators during the production stage of bituminous mixtures. Understanding how transport contributes to the life cycle impacts of asphalt mixtures is essential for improving resource logistics and minimising carbon emissions in pavement construction. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed using SimaPro software in accordance with the ISO 14040 standards. The analysis considered a representative bituminous mixture composition, including aggregates, bitumen, and filler materials, with varying transport distances and modes (road, rail, and water). Sensitivity analysis quantified the effect of each transport scenario on total GWP at the manufacturing gate. Results indicate that transportation represents a substantial share of total GWP, with outcomes highly dependent on both hauling distance and vehicle type. Reducing aggregate transport distance yields substantial GWP reductions, as halving the road transport distance from 200 km to 100 km decreased total GWP by more than 9%, while long-distance road transport (≥800 km) increased total GWP by over 50%. Among the modes analysed, rail transport exhibited notably lower emissions per ton-kilometre compared with diesel trucking. These findings highlight the critical role of transport logistics in asphalt production and demonstrate that optimising sourcing distances and adopting low-carbon transport modes can significantly reduce the climate impact of road infrastructure.
Capacity evaluation of mixed passenger–freight traffic on high-speed railway line
The research analyzes the compatibility of railway circulation between High Speed passenger trains and freight trains operating on the same infrastructure, with particular reference to the estimation of line capacity according to International Union of Railways (UIC) methodologies. This represents a case of complex compatibility, dictated by the different mechanical and dynamic characteristics of the rolling stock involved. These differences strongly influence the heterotachicity that must be taken into account both in the design and in the operational management of the line, as well as in addressing the problem of calculating and optimizing the capacity of the railway corridor. The analysis is carried out using the Terzo Valico dei Giovi as a case study, which represents the first Italian High Speed/Capacity line where a truly mixed use of the railway infrastructure for both passenger and freight services is envisaged. The study has been developed by examining different scenarios of mixed traffic circulation through the application of UIC capacity assessment approaches, based on the evaluation of headways, occupation times and timetable stability margins, in line with the principles defined in UIC Leaflet 406. This process leads to the definition of an operational timetable for the line and to the quantification of the impacts on the available line capacity, as well as on train travel times and overall operational performance. The results show that freight capacity is highly sensitive to train mass, dropping from 160 paths (800 t) to 48 paths in other cases. The UIC 406 compression analysis confirms that on high-speed lines, freight train performance and traffic heterogeneity are the main determinants of capacity saturation, as heavier trains significantly increase infrastructure occupation time and quickly consume bottleneck capacity despite temporal separation and advanced signaling systems.